When Palestinian Jews Were Under Muslim Rule - Jewish Aboriginal rights to Israel

When Palestinian Jews Were Under Muslim Rule

 

Originally posted May 15, 2007

In a post from December, 2005, Chardal writes about Life Under 

Muslim Rule in general, and has a section focusing on what life 

was like in then-Palestine aka The Land of Israel for Jews.

THE HOLY LAND UNDER MUSLIM RULE

Since the Arabian invasion of Palestine in the seventh century, Jews and Christians were allowed to remain alive, between attacks, to be a source of funds obtained by special taxes and extortion's, and to serve as helpless scapegoats for the Muslim masses. This policy continued under successive waves of other Muslim non-Arab conquerors of the Holy Land, as well.

The lawful humiliation of the non-Muslim was a fact of life. The degree of harshness of the persecution depended on the whim of the particular ruler.

Arab dominion over non-Muslims was reminiscent of the nation of Amalek of biblical infamy:

"Amalek represents that principle which judges the dignity of men and nations solely in terms of visible power and domination. It is willing to condone any act as long as it results in successful conquest. It will tolerate only that which it fears or that which it can safely despise" (Rabbi S.R. Hirsch, Collected Writings II, p.414).

From the beginning of Muslim Turkish rule in 1516, Jews had to pass Muslims on their left side, the side of Satan (David Landes, "Palestine Before the Zionists." Commentary, February 1976). Sultan Murad III decreed death for all Jews of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, but later commuted the sentence (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine, New York, 1934).

In 1586, the famous Ramban Synagogue of the Old City of Jerusalem was seized by the Muslim authorities. This had been the last synagogue in Jerusalem remaining in Jewish hands (Ben Gurion, Israel, Tel Aviv, 1971).

One single Jew survived the Muslim massacre in the holy city of Safad in 1660 (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine, New York, 1934).

In 1775, Muslim mob violence against the Jews of Hebron was incited by the infamous blood libel (Samuel Katz, Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine, New York, 1973).

The Albanian born Mamluk "Arab", called "the Butcher", terrorized the land with his sadistic exploits through the late 1700's (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine, New York, 1934).

To be permitted to pray by the Wailing Wall, the Jews paid a high annual rent to the Arab whose property adjoined it. They paid protection money to Muslim officials, already paid by the Turkish Government, for fear of desecration of the ancient Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, and of Rachel's Tomb (David Landes, Palestine Before the Zionists, 1976).

In the 1830's, during the brief Egyptian reign over Palestine, the Jews found themselves caught between the ravages of the Egyptian soldiers and the multi-ethnic Muslim rebels who fought them:

"Forty thousand fellahin rushed on Jerusalem... The mob entered, and looted the city for five or six days. The Jews were the worst sufferers, their homes were sacked and their women were violated" (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine aka The Land of Israel, New York, 1934).

News of the Damascus blood libel of 1840 brought heightened waves of persecution and murder of Jews throughout Palestine (Moshe Ma'oz, ed., Studies in Palestine aka The Land of Israel During the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem, 1975).

In 1914, after returning from his heinous mass slaughter of the Armenian people, Turkish commander Baha-ud Did threatened to do the same to the Jews if he ever got the chance. Fierce persecutions ensued. Use of the Hebrew language was banned. Entire Jewish families were thrown in prison. Jewish males were forced into labor battalions. Farm carts and animals were confiscated just before harvest time. The entire Jewish population of Jaffa was expelled on Passover, 1915. Resistors were hanged. Thousands wandered helplessly on the roads, starving (Martin Gilbert, Exile and Return, New York, 1978).

During the last few years of Muslim rulership over Palestine aka The Land of Israel, torture for a Jew was the norm upon arrest. By the time the British routed the Turkish Ottomans from Palestine aka The Land of Israel in 1917, the entire country, including the new Jewish settlements, had been plundered.

The documented Muslim excesses committed during the corrupt Turkish rule over Palestine aka The Land of Israel from 1516 to 1917, are too hideous and numerous to record (See Joan Peters; From Time Immemorial p.190 et seq.).

Something to keep in mind when Arab-Palestinian apologists hearken back to the good old days when Jews were subservient to Muslims.

Life under Muslim rule

 

DB claims that unlike Jewish life in Christian Europe, life for Jews under Muslim rule was just dandy. While it is true that Christian Europe was historically the most violent towards the Jews, this by no means that life under the Arabs was good. Here is a brief overview of the Jew in Islam and under the rule of Arab society:

JEWISH LIFE UNDER ARAB RULE

According to Arab propagandists, the main issue of the Arab-Israel conflict is "the Arab-Palestinian state". This is a myth. As will be clearly demonstrated, the main issue is, rather, the deep, traditional and religious hatred of the Arab for the Jew.

In 1948, before 950,000 Jewish families fled from persecution, over a million Jewish families lived throughout the Arab world. Many Jewish communities had been established over 2,700 years before. Some, such as the Yemenite Jewish community and Aleppo, date back from the time of King Solomon and the destruction of the First Jewish Temple by the Babylonians, in the fifth century before the Common Era.

Arab propaganda would have the world believe that there exists a long tradition of Arab tolerance. In the words of the late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, in 1973: "Before the Jewish state was established, there existed nothing to harm good relations between Arabs and Jews."

And, according to former PLO head, Yasser Arafat: "We are not against the Jews. On the contrary, we are Semites and we have been living with each other in peace and fraternity, Muslims, Jews and Christians for many centuries."

But numerous scholarly works and eye-witness reports document the long history of violence, oppression and humiliation suffered by Jews and Christians in the Arab lands from the rise of Islam in the seventh century, until the present day.

THE RISE OF ISLAM

In the Arabian city of Medina, Islam's founder, Muhammad, at first courted the favor of the long-respected Jewish community. He even adopted several Jewish practices, such as the fast of Yom Kippur and prayer in the direction of Jerusalem, in the hope of acquiring Jewish converts for his new religion.
When it became clear to him that the Jews were not interested in trading their faith, his attitude toward the Jews soured. Muhammad's resentment was canonized in Islam's holy book, the Koran. Although also containing some earlier, benign references to Jews, the Koran remains decidedly anti-Jewish:

"The most vehement of mankind in hostility are the Jews and the Idolaters...
distorting with their tongues and slandering religion...
the greediest of mankind...
desire nothing but your ruin...
commit evil and become engrossed in sin...
Allah hath cursed them for their disbelief.
Taste ye the punishment of burning.
Those who disbelieve our revelations, we shall expose them to the fire.
As often as their skins are consumed, we shall exchange them for fresh skins that they may taste the torment."

Thus, the holy book of Islam, the Koran, presents the Jewish people as inherently evil, treacherous, and as infidels of their prophet, Muhammad, Islam's founder.

Furthermore, from among other statements of Muhammad in the Hadith: 

"The resurrection of the dead will not come until the Muslims will war with the Jews and the Muslims will kill them... The trees and rocks will say, "O Muslim, O Abdulla, here is a Jew behind me, come and kill him."

ISLAMIC ATTITUDES BEAR BITTER FRUIT

Muhammad's new attitude was expressed in practical deed. Upon the thriving Jewish oasis community of Khaibar, north of Mecca and Medina, Muhammad inflicted inhuman atrocities (Israel Ben Zeev, Jews in Arabia). Furthermore, he hideously annihilated the Quraizan Jews of Arabia -- adults and children.

It was Quraizan Jews who had established the prosperous town of Yathrib that attracted an infiltration of the pagan Arabs before the rise of Islam. (This pattern of Jewish industriousness attracting an Arab work force was to repeat itself over and over during the present century.) The Muslim Arabs, now united under Muhammad, eliminated the Jews and expropriated their wealth. The town's name was changed to Medina -- Islam's second-holiest city (Bernard Lewis, Arabs in History, New York, 1966).

This pattern of plundering the possessions of Jews under Arab control was to continue into this century. It is justified by the Koran:

"Some you slew and others you took captive. Allah made you masters of the Jews' land, their houses, and their goods..." (the Koran, Surah 33, Dawood translation).

"Make war... until they pay tribute in a state of humiliation" (the Koran 9:29).

Muhammad's fame spread; the pagan Arabs flocked to him; the Arabian Muslim creed gathered an earth-shattering momentum (Alfred Guillaume, Islam, Baltimore, 1954).

That momentum propelled the Arabs into control of vast territories, far beyond the Arabian peninsula. The Arab conquests constituted a further fulfillment of the biblical verses:

"And he [Ishmael, father of the Arab people] will be a wildman. His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him, and in the face of all his brethren will he dwell" (Genesis XVI, 12), "...and I will make him into a large nation" (Genesis XXI, 18).

THE JEW IN ISLAMIC LAW

Muhammad's successor, Omar, codified the twelve laws under which a non-Muslim, or dhimmi, would be suffered to exist in the Arab world. Calculated to impoverish and humiliate, these Islamic laws were enforced on pain of death.

Among other restrictions, Jews were forbidden to touch the Koran, practice Judaism in public, or own a horse. Jews were forced to wear particular clothing, including a piece of yellow cloth as a badge. Expressions of grief at Jewish burials were not to reach the ears of Muslims.

By Islamic law, Jewish or Christian testimony was meaningless against a Muslim. On the other hand, the dhimmi lived in constant fear of the Muslim, for there would be no way of defending himself against an accusation of cursing Islam.

Although a Muslim was subject to capital punishment for the murder of a fellow Muslim, the murder of a dhimmi would, at most, cost him a fine.

For this Arab "tolerance", the infidel dhimmi paid extra taxes as prescribed in the Koran:

"Fight against those who believe not in Allah... until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low."

And they did fight; with a brutality that has become a trademark. The helpless Jews in Arab lands repeatedly tasted Arab savagery. Those typical hatchet-and-knife pogroms were visited with regularity also upon the dhimmi Jews of the Holy Land.

THE HOLY LAND UNDER MUSLIM RULE

Since the Arabian invasion of Palestine in the seventh century, Jews and Christians were allowed to remain alive, between attacks, to be a source of funds obtained by special taxes and extortions, and to serve as helpless scapegoats for the Muslim masses. This policy continued under successive waves of other Muslim non-Arab conquerors of the Holy Land, as well.

The lawful humiliation of the non-Muslim was a fact of life. The degree of harshness of the persecution depended on the whim of the particular ruler.

Arab dominion over non-Muslims was reminiscent of the nation of Amalek of biblical infamy:

"Amalek represents that principle which judges the dignity of men and nations solely in terms of visible power and domination. It is willing to condone any act as long as it results in successful conquest. It will tolerate only that which it fears or that which it can safely despise" (Rabbi S.R. Hirsch, Collected Writings II, p.414).

From the beginning of Muslim Turkish rule in 1516, Jews had to pass Muslims on their left side, the side of Satan (David Landes, "Palestine aka The Land of Israel Before the Zionists." Commentary, February 1976). Sultan Murad III decreed death for all Jews of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, but later commuted the sentence (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine, New York, 1934).

In 1586, the famous Ramban Synagogue of the Old City of Jerusalem was seized by the Muslim authorities. This had been the last synagogue in Jerusalem remaining in Jewish hands (Ben Gurion, Israel, Tel Aviv, 1971).

One single Jew survived the Muslim massacre in the holy city of Safad in 1660 (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine aka The Land of Israel, New York, 1934).

In 1775, Muslim mob violence against the Jews of Hebron was incited by the infamous blood libel (Samuel Katz, Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine aka The Land of Israel, New York, 1973).

The Albanian born Mamluk "Arab", called "the Butcher", terrorized the land with his sadistic exploits through the late 1700's (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine aka The Land of Israel, New York, 1934).

To be permitted to pray by the Wailing Wall, the Jews paid a high annual rent to the Arab whose property adjoined it. They paid protection money to Muslim officials, already paid by the Turkish Government, for fear of desecration of the ancient Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, and of Rachel's Tomb (David Landes, Palestine aka The Land of Israel Before the Zionists, 1976).

In the 1830's, during the brief Egyptian reign over Palestine aka The Land of Israel, the Jews found themselves caught between the ravages of the Egyptian soldiers and the multi-ethnic Muslim rebels who fought them:

"Forty thousand fellahin rushed on Jerusalem... The mob entered, and looted the city for five or six days. The Jews were the worst sufferers, their homes were sacked and their women were violated" (Jacob de Haas, History of Palestine aka The Land of Israel, New York, 1934).

News of the Damascus blood libel of 1840 brought heightened waves of persecution and murder of Jews throughout Palestine aka The Land of Israel (Moshe Ma'oz, ed., Studies in Palestine During the Ottoman Period, Jerusalem, 1975).

In 1914, after returning from his heinous mass slaughter of the Armenian people, Turkish commander Baha-ud Did threatened to do the same to the Jews if he ever got the chance. Fierce persecutions ensued. Use of the Hebrew language was banned. Entire Jewish families were thrown in prison. Jewish males were forced into labor battalions. Farm carts and animals were confiscated just before harvest time. The entire Jewish population of Jaffa was expelled on Passover, 1915. Resistors were hanged. Thousands wandered helplessly on the roads, starving (Martin Gilbert, Exile and Return, New York, 1978).

During the last few years of Muslim/Ottoman rulership over Palestine aka The Land of Israel, torture for a Jew was the norm upon arrest. By the time the British routed the Turkish Ottomans from Palestine aka The Land of Israel in 1917, the entire country, including the new Jewish settlements, had been plundered but not eliminated.

The documented Muslim excesses committed during the corrupt Turkish rule over Palestine from 1516 to 1917, are too hideous and numerous to record (See Joan Peters; From Time Immemorial p.190 et seq.).

Israel stands in the way and is an obstacle to full Muslim domination of the Middle East. 

The West fears Islamic aggression (which has been going on since WWI), and is opting for appeasement. Propaganda is being used to try to convince people that Muslims in Israel, and in the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights, are being mistreated. Islamist forces have conducted maneuvers at the borders of Israel, and have continuously lobbed missiles into Israel. Islam constantly threatens Israel, often using language that proclaims a desire for the complete destruction of Israel. The Arab-Palestinians have spoken to the world, proclaiming parts of Israel to belong to them.

Peace in the Middle East is desired at any cost by the Western Appeasers. The unrest is being blamed on Israel. Islam promises that the Arab-Palestinian claims are the last they will make in Israel. If land is traded for peace, they say, and then the unrest in the Middle East will ease, which is a delusion and not reality.

The Western Leaders, fearful that if the Muslims are not appeased the world could plunge into terrorism (which it has already and increasing daily), have decided they need to negotiate with the Arab-Palestinians, grant them the terrorist Statehood they suddenly desire, and grant them their demands for the purpose of a delusional and fantasy of peace.

As The West prepares for appeasement, the forces of Jihadism are on the rise in Egypt, Syria, Turkey and Iran and extends to Pakistan, Afghanistan and former Russian states. Egypt's peace with Israel has been guaranteed by U.S. involvement, and land for peace. The treaty with Egypt was based on the proposition of the Sinai in 1982 for peace. The Islamists moving into position to gain power in Egypt places the treaty at risk. They have no intention of abiding by its provisions. The current administration seems to be interested in abiding by the peace agreement.

The concept of land for peace has failed, as it failed prior to WWII. Islamism does not care about land. Islamism only cares about the destruction of Israel, the destruction of non-Islamic societies, they have expelled and forced out millions of Christians, and ultimately the worldwide domination of Islam through a Muslim caliphate.

Israel gives land because they want the Arabs to abide by peace agreements. Israel craves peace, but deep down knows that it is not possible. Islam has made it loud and clear that land for peace is a one way street. Israeli land giveaways are permanent, but Islamic commitments to peace are revoked at any time.

With the current presidential administration in the United States, and the liberal socialists in control of the U.N. and Europe, Israel stands alone. No one plans to stand up for Israel's right to exist, as history has proven, the Jewish people have ultimately been abandoned by the world nations, just like past thousands of years history. The Muslim Brotherhood and Salafist parties are working to take an absolute majority in Egypt and other Muslim countries, but The West has fallen for the propaganda that claims these parties are moderate and pragmatic. ISIS has proven that this approach is wrong and detrimental to peaceful coexistence.

The fact is, the rising Islamist control over the Muslim nations has no intention of respecting treaties, or Israel's right to exist. They are waiting for conflict, and then will blame it on Israel. Talks are doomed to failure. The Islamists want it that way or the highway.

Land for Peace fails. Liberalism fails. Only a strong and direct military posture with no-holds-barred that stands up against the rising threat will succeed. . . but the appeasers refuse to learn from history, and like Neville Chamberlain with Germany, Barack Obama and his fellow appeasers are positioning the world for a new world conflict that could turn the world to ashes.

A viable solution for the conflict is: Two States - Greater Israel for the Jewish people as guaranteed by International law and treaties after WW1 and Jordan that was originally part of the territory allocated to the Jewish people under 1920 international treaties, and agreements including the 1919 Faisal Weizmann Agreement; thus Jordan has about 85% of its people are Arab-Palestinians and the over 120,000 sq. km. or 75,000 sq. mi. (6 times the size of Israel) the Arab countries confiscated from the million plus Jewish families they persecuted and expelled from Arab countries and confiscated all their assets, businesses, homes and Real estate property valued in the trillions of dollars.
That should settle the refugee problem once and for all.
But the Arabs will not be satisfied until they get all of Israel without the Jews and they do not hide their intention.

But now in January 2017, we have a new American U.S. administration that actively wants to do what is right and just for the Jewish people. The new administration will support Israel’s rights to all the territory of the historical Land of Israel.

YJ Draiman.

International and Historical Rights of the State of Israel and the Jewish People

Introduction

There is perhaps no area in the world more sensitive or strategic to world security and peace than the Middle East. Arguably, no country or city is more central to said sensitivity than Israel and its capital city of Jerusalem.

There are as many opinions – legal and otherwise - on the corresponding issues as there are proposed solutions. This is not only true of Israel itself and the territories it liberated and administers, but it also extends to the city of Jerusalem and the many different views concerning its legal status.  Israel in general and Jerusalem in particular represent unique circumstances and, in many ways, do not fit into the normal legal parameters.

Consider Jerusalem for example: there is no city anywhere in the world that holds such deep-seated roots of religious and spiritual heritage, as well as emotional and cultural bonds.  These deep roots and the potential threats to their sanctity play an extraordinarily vital role in that city’s significance, and seemingly "trump" both national and international law norms in terms of relevance.

Why are such “deep roots” so vitally significant?

The Jewish heritage reaches back more than three thousand years. Jerusalem itself was established perhaps more than 2,000 years before it was captured from the Jebusites by King David about 1,000 BC. King David purchased the land of Temple Mount to build the Jewish Temple from Aruna the Jebusite. The Temple Mount in the Old City (now so-called "East Jerusalem") is the site of the First and Second Jewish sacred Temples containing the "Holy of Holies", the most hallowed of all spiritual sites for Jews.

As regards the whole of Israel, Winston Churchill stated the following facts:

     “The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people.

     Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped.

     After majority of Jews being forcibly exiled from their land, the

     people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion (Diaspora) and

     never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the

      restoration in it of their political and religious freedom.”

Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their rightful ancient and ancestral homeland of Israel. 

Jerusalem is mentioned in the Bible by name more than six hundred times in the Old Testament alone, as well as throughout the New Testament, and has always been considered the "capital" for the Jewish people.

The Muslim connection dates back to the oral tradition of Mohammed’s "miraculous night journey" ("Miraj").  In A.D. 621, he allegedly flew on a "winged creature" from Mecca to the Temple Mount, accompanied by the Angel Gabriel. This event supposedly made the Temple Mount — with today’s Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock—for many (though not all ) Muslims, the third holiest site of Islam, after Mecca and Medina (which were formerly developed and occupied by the Jews).

It must be noted even this "night ride", as referenced in verse 1 of Sura 17 of the Koran, does not mention Jerusalem at all, only "the farthest [al-Aqsa] mosque". Since there was no mosque in Jerusalem at that time, the  "farthest" mosque cannot have been the one now bearing that name on the Temple Mount in the Old City of ("East") Jerusalem. Still, Islamic tradition holds fast to this unfounded claim. 

In actual fact, early commentators interpreted the “fartherest” place of worship as heaven. The city of Jerusalem is not once mentioned in the Koran, nor has Jerusalem ever served as the capital of Islam or of Arab controlled Palestine, under any name.

The Christians date their heritage from the time of Christ, the Jewish "Founder" of their faith.  Christianity reaches back to take in the entire history of the Jewish people, which was Christ’s own heritage, and which Christians regard as their own, mutually with the Jews. For Christians, the Holy Land is "holy" because that is where Jesus Christ was born, grew up, performed His ministry, was crucified, resurrected and ascended from the Mount of Olives, to which He promised to return.

While the Christians are "at home" in every land in which they choose to dwell, and while the Arabs enjoy jurisdiction over vast areas of territory (twenty-one sovereign Arab States consisting over 5,000 sq. miles), the Jewish people have only one area of territorial “homeland": the small State of Israel, which is less than one percent of the Arab territories of 5 million square miles.

For the Jewish people, Israel is their only national home and Jerusalem, their only Holy City and proclaimed "indivisible" capital. The very term “Wailing Wall” indicates the depth of the emotionally charged significance of this most sacred place for the Jewish people.  The Western Wall of the Temple was commonly called “Wailing Wall” prior to the 1967. In 1967 Israel liberated the Temple Mount, which had been under Arab control since 1949.  As regards the whole of the Israel, in the words of Dr. Chaim Weizmann (later president of the World Zionist Organization):

“As to the land that is to be the Jewish land there can be no  question. Palestine aka Greater Israel alone, of all the countries in which the Jew has set foot throughout its long history, has an abiding place in his national tradition.”

The recognition of the Jewish people’s singularly ancient historic, religious, and cultural link with an ancestral home has more legal significance than it may at first appear, and is easily bypassed in the current heated and polarized debate. These religious and spiritual claims are what have thus far made attempted solutions to territorial and other questions of international law in this area particularly delicate. The real issues are often lacking in clear definition and consensual interpretation of the relevant "law"; at times even attributing to it a kind of sui generis (one of a kind, unique or "peculiar") character.

International law, in itself, does not rely on religious or cultural ties, but rather on accepted international law norms and standards.  This is why the legal recognition of these historical aspects, in a binding international legal instrument, is so highly significant. It is precisely these age-old historic ties that remain the most compelling reason for maintaining sovereignty over all the territory the Jewish people are legally entitled to under international law and treaties.

The particular sacredness of this Land to such differing faiths is clearly demonstrated by the ongoing dispute over the governance of the Holy City of Jerusalem.  This dispute continues from the Vatican to the United Nations, including periodic initiatives to give it a separate international legal status as a so-called corpus separatum (separated body). Indeed, because of the delicate and sensitive nature of these "spiritual" connections, Jerusalem is frequently left out altogether from discussions over other disputed territories such as the "West Bank aka Judea and Samaria" and (earlier) Gaza.

The legal arguments will go on and on, with differing interpretations often even on the same side of the arguments. However, the fundamental fact is the historical claims of the Zionist Organization, based on centuries-old connections between the Jewish people and "Palestine aka Greater Israel", were given recognition in a small town on the Italian Riviera named San Remo, in 1920.  The San Remo Conference parties incorporated the 1917 Balfour Declaration, which was further confirmed by the 1920 Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne. It also considered the 1919 Faisal Weizmann Agreement. Thus, said Treaty was adopted and confirmed and carried out unequivocally by the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine, aka Greater Israel, in 1922, which takes on enormous significance when questions of territorial rights persist.

The ongoing and never-ending legal arguments and political posturing on both sides of the question of the "Palestine aka The Land of Israel" statehood issue will not be resolved in these pages. Yet, if the basic truths with regard to ancestral territory are ignored, all the legal arguments in the world will not bring about an equitable solution. Thus, it is important to see in what way(s) this most significant factor of historical ties has been endowed with a legal character and status that undermine Israel’s legitimate rights in its Land as it confronts today’s territorial conflicts.

While there is no way that the complex current political issues, a culmination of centuries of conflict and legal ambiguities, can be adequately dealt with in one brief exposé, one thing is certain: laws may change, perceptions may vary, but historical fact is immutable. Therefore, for the special case of Israel and Arab-Palestine, we need to look at fact rather than opinion or emotions and seek to avoid the promulgation of law that can result from persistent pressures of often misguided, misinformed and/or skillfully manipulated public opinion.

Thus our mission here is not to attempt to pronounce legal judgments or to offer legal opinions, where even the best legal minds have not been able to achieve consensus, but rather to proclaim international legal truths in a largely political environment that is too frequently polluted with distortions of the truth and outright untruths.

A correlated intent here is to show where Israel’s age-old historic links with the land intersect with legal parameters to give effect to its international legal status in the face of current political initiatives.

Accordingly, it should be understood from the outset that the following is in no way intended to present itself as an exhaustive coverage of the many-faceted and age-long disputed issues relating to this territory. It is meant primarily as a wake-up call and/or reminder of the fundamental international legal rights of the Jewish people that were conferred beginning at the San Remo Conference in 1920 which incorporated the 1917 Balfour Declaration and that had threatened to all but slip into obscurity in the current debate, despite the fact that these rights have never been rescinded and the UN has no authority to modify them.

To accomplish these aims, we have only to revert back to the milestone international legal instrument, the Mandate for Palestine of 1922, which emerged from the 1920 San Remo sessions of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and in effect transformed the Balfour Declaration of 1917 (the “Magna Carta” of the Jewish people) into a legally binding international agreement that changed the course of history forever for the Jewish people worldwide. 
There was also the first valid Arab Jewish Agreement executed on January 3, 1919 in London by King Feisal representing the Arabs and Chaim Weizman representing the Jews. This agreement had it been exercised by both parties would of changed the course of history in the Middle East and would of brought about a coexistence that would benefit all the people of the region. It is not too late to follow the spirit of this agreement and bring about peace and economic Shangri-La to the region.

Jordan - Transjordan a theft of Jewish territory

Israel Arab Conflict History

Aboriginal and Indigenous Rights of the Jewish People to their Historical Land of Israel

"The Jewish people have forged a successful state in their historic ancestral homeland," said U.S. President Barack Obama in his speech to the U.N. General Assembly on September 21, 2011.  This theme of "people" and "historic homeland" has for centuries resonated with most Jews round the world.  However, the president's words were even more welcome, because our own time witnesses an increasingly bitter controversy over the Jewish people's right to political self-determination in a part of its aboriginal ancestral homeland as the only remaining indigenous people of Palestine, aka Greater Israel.

That fierce debate inevitably revolves around the political and legal doctrine of the self-determination of peoples.  There is also the companion doctrine of aboriginal indigenous rights, because the Jewish people is a small indigenous minority in the Arab Middle East; which in turn is an important part of the greater Muslim world that also includes key countries like Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Indonesia.

Aboriginal indigenous rights suggest that there is significant moral and legal weight to the historical facts of the Jews.  Though Jews have been periodically persecuted and have been perennial victims of discrimination for more than twenty-five centuries since the destruction of the Jewish Temples in Jerusalem by the Romans, there has always been a Jewish population in Greater Israel.  Furthermore, most Jews throughout the world kept some demographic and cultural ties to their aboriginal indigenous homeland, including the aspiration to return and rebuild recited in their daily prayers and holidays.  Moreover, there is added moral and legal weight supporting the Jews aboriginal indigenous rights as a result of said rights having already been explicitly recognized in relevant international treaties, which are the highest source of international law.

The concept of aboriginal indigenous rights has been well understood by other peoples: e.g., by the Greeks in the early 19th century when they fought for independence from the Ottoman Empire.  More recently speaking articulately about their aboriginal and treaty rights, the Indian tribes of Canada astutely perceive that law is akin to an ongoing discussion about rights, in which it is essential to offer meaningful arguments.  Such “meaningful arguments” must include discussion where the indigenous people get to tell their own story, which can also become a compelling narrative that engages the conscience of others who are more powerful.

How are Arab-Palestinians "a people", but Jews are not?

Denying or minimizing Jewish rights is an integral part of the ongoing war against the Jewish people and Israel.  For example, Arab-Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad deny that the Jews are a people, within the context of the modern political and legal doctrines of aboriginal indigenous rights and the self-determination of peoples.  However, there is an enormous body of archaeological and other historical evidence demonstrating that the Jewish people, like the Greek people or the Han Chinese people, is among the oldest of the world's peoples.  The early modern European peoples probably derived their understanding of what it means to be a people in history principally from the example of the Jewish people as set out in the Bible.

What is a people?

Linguists theorize about a proto-Semitic language which perhaps suggests kinship among the ancient Semitic populations, long before the birth of Hebrew and then Arabic.  But "people-hood" is about much more than genetics.  It is also a complex sociological phenomenon -- an abstraction, yet nonetheless one of the principal motors of world history.  Opting to self-identify consistently as a specific people, a human population takes a name and shares a variable range of relatively distinct civilizational features -- e.g., ancestors, history, homeland, territory, language, literature, religion, culture, economy, and institutions.  Moreover, in addition to its subjective identity, a people also normally attracts objective identity in the eyes of its friends and enemies, who frequently provide valuable historical evidence about its existence and characteristics.

Such reference to historical evidence is critical, because the political and legal doctrines of aboriginal indigenous rights and the self-determination of peoples cannot apply retroactively.  This means that a people, without a continuous identity stretching back to the relevant historical time, cannot today make an aboriginal indigenous or other claim with respect to that earlier period before its ethno-genesis -- i.e., when it did not yet self-identify as that particular people.  And to be sure, new peoples are always emerging while older peoples may disappear; though genes and cultural characteristics may to some extent persist in populations of one or more other peoples.

Names and extent of the aboriginal indigenous home

Generally and locally, most Muslims and Arabs stubbornly reject the legitimacy and permanence of Israel as "the" Jewish State; i.e., as the political expression of the self-determination of the Jewish people in a part of its larger aboriginal indigenous territory. Said historical ancestral homeland stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to lands east of the Jordan River.  For example, the Bible tells us that the Twelve Tribes straddled the Jordan River, as did the realm of Kings David and Solomon and their successors. Since antiquity, this homeland was known to Jews as "the land of Israel" -- in Hebrew, Eretz Israel (ץרא לארשי).  "The Holy Land" as later understood by Christians (Latin, terra sancta) and by Muslims (Ottoman Turkish, arz-i mukaddes) was for theological reasons geographically identical to the earlier concept of Eretz Israel.

For Christians everywhere, the Holy Land was also "Palestine."  This designation was a historical reference honoring the memory of a religiously significant province of the Roman-Byzantine Empire, where Christianity was the official faith.  Maps prepared in Europe and the Americas, from the 17th century to the beginning of the First World War (1914-1918), regularly imagined a then nonexistent Palestine, which was portrayed as also including lands east of the Jordan River.  From the late 4th century CE until 1946, "historic" Palestine, aka the Land of Israel, has always included part or all of the territory that is now the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Thus, the 1911 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica says that the Jordan River divides Western from Eastern Palestine, which ends where the Arabian Desert begins.

The Jewish people habitation in the Holy Land

Though classical demography is a guessing game, Jews may have numbered several million in the early Roman Empire.  For more than a century before the 70 AD destruction of the Second Temple, some Jews were living in various places around the Mediterranean basin due to previous expulsion by previous conquerors and made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem on Jewish holidays when possible, while many lived in their aboriginal indigenous homeland.  Nonetheless, Jews remained the majority in the Holy Land, aka Greater Israel, perhaps until the late 6th century CE. Though many Jews always preferred to stay in their homeland, others were moving in and out -- a migratory pattern that endures to this day.

The Jewish Bible, the Christian Gospels, and the Muslim Koran all refer to the Jewish people and its strong connection to the Holy Land - The historical land of Israel.  Since antiquity, over 4000 years, there has never been a time when Jews were absent from the Holy Land.  Even when Jewish numbers dropped to a low point, the Holy Land was still home to rabbis famous throughout the Jewish world.  With at least 2,600 years of continuous history since the destruction of the second Jewish temple by the Romans in 70 AD, the Jewish people kept a subjective-objective identity that always included demographic and cultural links to its native land with holidays, fast days and daily prayers for Jerusalem.

In the first four centuries CE, the Jews of the Holy Land played a key role in Jewish civilization, including completion of the Jerusalem Talmud.  Documents from the Cairo Geniza reveal much about Jewish life in the Holy Land from the Muslim conquest in the early 7th century CE to the Crusader victory in 1099.  During the Crusader period, Acre was an important center for Jews, about whom we learn from a variety of sources, including the 12th-century Jewish travelers Benjamin of Tudela and Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon. During the Mamluk period (1250-1516), Jerusalem was seat for a deputy to the Egypt-based Nagid who headed all the Jewish communities of the sultanate. 

Fifteenth-century Holy Land Jews also feature in the letters of Rabbi Obadiah ben Abraham Bertinoro and the travelogues of Christian pilgrims like Arnold van Harff, Felix Fabri, and Martin Kabatnik.  Richer are sources from the four Ottoman centuries ending in 1917.  For example, 16th-century Ottoman registers (defter-i mufassal) record the names of Jewish taxpayers.  Evidence also comes from documents like some late 18th-century account books of the Jerusalem Jewish community.  With the 19th century, travel books and consular reports join a flood of other sources about local Jews who also told their own stories.  Though the number of Jews grew absolutely, they remained a small number of the total population which, including the Muslims and the Christians, remained low -- in fact, somewhat lower than in the early Roman Empire.

Aboriginal rights of the Greek people

The modern Jewish people are aboriginal and indigenous to their ancestral homeland in the same way that the Greek people are aboriginal to Greece.  In the early 19th century, some prominent personalities like the English poet Lord Byron enthusiastically championed the aboriginal rights of the Greek people.  For this reason in part, some of the European powers intervened to help the Greeks win their independence from the Ottoman Empire.  In 1821, when the Greeks began their revolt against the sultan, they were a minority of the population in the territory that is now modern Greece.  In the 19th and 20th centuries, Modern Greek history has been partly about the hundreds of thousands of Diaspora Greeks who gradually returned to their ancestral homeland.  Also, after the First World War, U.K. Prime Minister David Lloyd George unsuccessfully backed the aboriginal rights of the Greek people to the Anatolian littoral.  There, large Greek communities had persisted from antiquity until 1922, when they were finally destroyed by the Turks, who are not aboriginal to Anatolia.

Aboriginal Indigenous rights of the "First Nations"

The modern Jewish people claims both aboriginal and treaty rights to its historical ancestral homeland as the only remaining indigenous people.  Aboriginal and treaty rights are also claimed by the aboriginal peoples of Canada, including the "First Nations" or Indian tribes.  The First Nations strongly believe that their sovereign rights to their tribal lands extend back to the beginning of time, long before the origins of Canadian, European, and international law.

In the same way, the Jewish people's claim to its historical ancestral homeland reaches back to antiquity and thus antedates the post-classical birth of both Europe and the Islamic civilization. Conceptually, the Jewish people are the remaining aboriginal indigenous people to its historical ancestral homeland in the same way that the First Nations are aboriginal to their ancestral lands in the Americas.

Common Law courts began recognizing aboriginal rights in the 19th century.  From 1982, the rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada have explicitly featured in Canada's Constitution Act.  The Supreme Court of Canada has decided that, where a First Nation maintains demographic and cultural connections with the land, aboriginal title (including self-government rights) can survive both sovereignty changes and the influx of a new majority population resulting from foreign conquest.  Dealing with claims of right on all sides, the Court seeks to reconcile the subsequent rights of newcomers with the aboriginal rights of a First Nation.  The concept of aboriginal rights is also an important legal topic in Australia, New Zealand, and the U.S., and is now receiving more attention internationally.

Spot-on is the comparison between the aboriginal rights of the Jewish people and those of the First Nations of the Americas.  Between the sea and the Jordan River, "the Jewish people" is the aboriginal tribe and "the Arab people" is the interloping settler population, including newer waves of Arab immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries.  It is important to note whether a thousand years ago or today, Jews returning to join other Jews in the Holy Land are not to be compared with the 17th-century Pilgrim Fathers who had neither antecedents nor kin in the New World.

Aboriginal Indigenous ancestral rights of the Jewish people

Like the Greek people or the First Nations, the Jewish people has for more than two millennia continuously affirmed its connection to its historical ancestral homeland.  Of all extant peoples, the Jewish people has the strongest claim to be aboriginal to the Holy Land, where Judaism, the Hebrew language, and the Jewish people were born (ethno genesis) around 2,600 years ago (Israel is the only country in the world, that bears the same name, speaks the same language, upholds the same faith and inhabits the same land as it did over 3200 years ago).  Before then, the Holy Land was home, inter alia, to the immediate ancestors of the Jewish people, including personalities like Kings David and Solomon, famous from the Jewish Bible.  At that time and still earlier, the Holy Land was also home to other peoples -- like the Phoenicians, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Jebusites and Philistines -- which have long since vanished from the world, a similar fate has been recorded with the Aztecs, the Mayans and the Incans in Peru which is only about 600 years ago, with nobody today entitled to make new claims on their behalf by reason of recently alleged genetic descent.

What, then, of that dramatis persona of world history known as "the Arab people"?  As such, the great Arab people are aboriginal to Arabia, not the Holy Land.  Judaism, the Hebrew language, and the Jewish people were already established in the Holy Land for about a thousand years before the 6th-7th-century CE ethno-genesis in Arabia of the great Arab people, the birth of which was approximately coeval with the emergence of Islam and classical Arabic.

Though local Jews suffered persistent discrimination and periodic persecution, neither the Arab people -- from the first Muslim conquest in the 7th century CE -- nor subsequent invaders succeeded in eradicating the Jewish population or ending the links between the Jewish people and the Holy Land.  Jews are today no longer a minority between the sea and the Jordan River.  This means that the Jewish people can now draw greater benefit from the doctrine of the self-determination of peoples, which normally allocates territory by the national character of the current local population.  At the same time, the Jewish people also continue to affirm aboriginal indigenous rights to its historical ancestral homeland.  Furthermore, it will be seen that these Jewish aboriginal indigenous rights still have some political and legal significance in the ongoing dispute over the refusal of most Muslims and Arabs to recognize the legitimacy and permanence of Israel as the Jewish State.

The Restored Jewish State of Israel

Most Jews around the world see Israel as "the" Reinstated Jewish State”, i.e. as the political expression of the self-determination of the Jewish people in a part of its larger historical indigenous ancestral homeland.  Like other peoples, the Jewish people have a right to self-determination.  Though the self-determination of the great Arab people is expressed via twenty-one Arab countries, Israel is the sole expression of the self-determination of the great Jewish people.

Some Western thinkers are now uncomfortable with the idea of a nation-state as the homeland of a particular people.  If so, there is no special reason to target Israel, because other countries are also nation-states.  For example, also nation-states are Japan, Italy, Greece, and the countries of the Arab League.  In theory and practice, the nation-state model does not have to conflict with fundamental civil and human rights for aliens or for citizens who do not ethnically self-identify as members of the majority people.  Moreover, the nation-state can also accommodate collective rights for one or more minority peoples.  It must be noted, with regard to such individual and collective rights, Israel's domestic law is comparable to what is provided by other legal systems, and far more superior to what is offered in other Middle Eastern states.

Israel reborn of the Ottoman Empire

Until the end of the First World War, the Holy Land was part of the Ottoman Empire.  Thus, Israel and two dozen other modern countries are successor-states of the Ottoman caliphate, which for four hundred years (1516-1920) was the principal occupying power in the Near and Middle East.  Apart from the ruling Turks, the Ottoman Empire was home to other peoples including Albanians, Greeks, Slavs, Copts, Armenians, Kurds, Arabs, and Jews.  For centuries, these Jews lived in a variety of Ottoman venues, including Constantinople, Salonika, Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, Aleppo, Sana, Aden, Mosul, Baghdad, Basra, Tiberias, Hebron, Safed, Jaffa, Gaza and Jerusalem, etc.

In October 1914, the Ottoman Empire opted to enter the First World War to fight against the U.K. and its Allies.  As the fortunes of war began to favor the British Army, the U.K. government addressed the question of what to do with the multi-national Ottoman lands both in the light of current British interests and the 19th-century liberal doctrine of the self-determination of peoples as demanded by the US government.  In this regard, the father of modern political Zionism, Theodor Herzl, in his 1896 manifesto, The Jewish State, had already proclaimed that Jews, though living in many different places around the globe, constitute one people for the purpose of self-determination. There was also the previous promise in 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte to reconstitute the Jewish State in the Jewish Historical Land of Palestine.

Why the 1917 Balfour Declaration?

In October 1917, the U.K. Cabinet decided to favor plans to restore and create "a national home for the Jewish people."  The venue was said to be "Palestine," a then-nonexistent country of uncertain extent that was ultimately described by the League of Nations in 1922 as "the Palestine Mandate", which also included the Trans-Jordan Emirate first formed in 1921.  The U.K. government's promise of "best endeavors" to restore and create "a national home for the Jewish people" was motivated by a desire to help realize the Jewish people's long-standing claim to self-determination and reconstitute it in its historic indigenous ancestral homeland; to shore up support for the Allied war effort among Jews in revolutionary Russia and the U.S.; and to help cover the eastern flank of the Suez Canal, which was then the crucial gateway to British India.  The intention to reinstate and create this "national home for the Jewish people" was announced in the November 1917 Balfour Declaration.

No "Arab-Palestinian people" in 1919

As the U.K. worked to defeat the Ottoman Turks, the world also began to learn about the national claims of the great Arab people.  Here we recall the wartime exploits of Lawrence of Arabia and the Hashemite Prince Feisal ibn Hussein, both of whom were present at the 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference and the Faisal Weizmann Agreement.  There, a powerful searchlight was trained on the doctrine of the self-determination of peoples, including the claims of the great Arab people.  But nobody inParis knew about a distinct "Arab-Palestinian" people.  Had there then been such an Arab- Palestinian people, its existence would have been known to Prince Feisal, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, France's Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, U.K. Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and to the other leaders who came to work on the international peace treaties.  This factual assessment is confirmed by extensive local testimony and petitions collected in 1919, by the U.S. King-Crane Commission.  Its report to President Wilson indicated that, whether Muslim or Christian, the Arabs of the Holy Land specifically rejected any plan to restore and create a new country called "Palestine," for the Jews, which they perceived to be part of the detested Zionist project.

There Never was a Muslim state or entity called "Palestine"

In 1919-1920, most local Arabs backed then-current plans to create a new Arab state of Greater Syria, which they expected would cover what is today Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, the West Bank aka Judea and Samaria, Gaza, and Israel.  For Muslims in the Holy Land, this broader geographic focus of political self-identification was natural, because a large province of Damascus (Ottoman Turkish, Şam) had at various times featured prominently in Muslim and Ottoman history.  By contrast, the Ottoman Empire never had a province or sub-provincial unit called, or co-extensive with, "Palestine," no matter how conceived.  Nor had Muslim history ever known a state or province called "Palestine." Since the Name Palestine replacing the name Israel was implemented by the Romans to demoralize embarrass the Jews.

After the 7th-century-CE Arab conquest, the caliphate for a time kept the old Roman and Byzantine homonym Palaestina, arabicized as Filastin (فلسطين), for one small district or jund (جند) of the province of Damascus.  Straddling the Jordan River, this jund Filastin was just a fraction the size of the larger Palestine that was a province of the Roman-Byzantine Empire formerly called the Kingdom of Israel. Which for centuries was remembered by Christians everywhere, and finally realized again in 1922 as ”the Palestine Mandate” with the British as trustee for the Jewish people that included both the Trans-Jordan Emirate, and the restoration of the “national home for the Jewish people” from the sea to the Jordan River. There was also the Faisal Weizmann agreement signed in London on January 3, 1919.

Global self-determination exercise

The 1918-1919 Paris Peace Conference and the 1920 San Remo Conference was concerned with the task of accommodating the political interests of the victorious Allied and Associated Powers with the claims to self-determination of well-known peoples with long histories of self-affirmation and bitter suffering under foreign oppression.  Thus, considered were difficult and entangled issues touching the self-determination of such famous peoples as the Chinese, French, Germans, Poles, Finns, Letts, Latvians, Estonians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Italians, Hungarians, Romanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Turks, Kurds, Armenians, Arabs, and the Jews.  In this larger context, just one decision among many was the restoration and recreation of "a national home for the Jewish people." It is noteworthy that "national home for the Jewish people" was reiterated from 1917 to 1922, in a series of consistent declarations, resolutions, and international treaties including the 1919 Faisal Weizmann Agreement that were ex post facto blessed by the Treaty of Sevres and the 1923 Lausanne Treaty with the Turkish Republic, as successor to the Ottoman Empire and were also supported by an agreement signed by King Faisal and Chaim Weizmann in 1919.

Why restore a national home for the Jewish people?

The decision to realize the self-determination of the Jewish people and restore its State in a part of its aboriginal indigenous territory was the rationale for the 1922 re-creation of "a national home for the Jewish people" from the sea to the Jordan River.  With a legal status akin to a multilateral international agreement or treaty, the Palestine Mandate of the League of Nations which incorporated and adopted international treaties guaranteeing the reconstituting of the Jewish national home in Palestine (July 24, 1922) entrusted the U.K. government with a new jurisdiction and obligation that included both Trans-Jordan and the national home for the Jewish people.  In 1946, Trans-Jordan was severed from the Jewish Palestine Mandate to become the independent Arab state called "the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", it consisted 78% of the land originally allocated to the Jews.  In 1948, the restored national home for the Jewish people became the independent Jewish state called "Israel." On only a fraction of its original territory (about 120,000 sq. km., while the Arabs/Muslims received over 12 million sq. km. with a wealth of oil reserves) guaranteed by international law and treaties.

Decision-makers at the Paris Peace Conference knew the Holy Land to be significantly and severely under-developed and under-populated.  They also understood that the new restored national home for the Jewish people would initially lack a Jewish majority population.  However, there was a conscious choice to refer not just too circa 95,000 Jews then living locally, but also to the past, present, and future of the great Jewish people.  In this context, the restored national home for the Jewish people was understood to also pertain to the 14 million plus Jews worldwide, including the over one million Jewish families then living in the Near and Middle East for over 2,700 years.

The international decision to reinstate and re-create a national home for the Jewish people was made not so much on the basis of local demographics, but explicitly due to "the historical ancestral connection of the Jewish people with Palestine aka The Land of Israel".  This was a clear recognition of the Jewish people's long-affirmed and continuing links to its aboriginal indigenous homeland.  The Palestine Mandate of the League of Nations also contained detailed stipulations requiring the development of the restored national home for the Jewish people.  For example, specific provisions called for "close settlement by Jews on the land" from the sea to the Jordan River with the explicit right to settle anywhere in Palestine aka The Land of Israel.

Did Arabs deserve all the Middle East?

Failure to restore and create a national home for the Jewish people would have meant denying the great Jewish people a share in the partition of the multi-national Ottoman Empire, where Jews had lived for over 35 centuries, including in the historical Jewish Holy Land and Jerusalem.  Failure to reinstate and recreate a national home for the Jewish people would also have meant that the great Arab people would have received almost the whole of the Ottoman inheritance over 6 million square miles.  That result would have been unacceptable to David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, and their peers, because they significantly understood that the claim to self-determination of the great Jewish people to their ancestral land in Palestine aka The Land of Israel was as undeniable and compelling as that of the great Arab people.

The Paris decision-makers strongly insisted that they had also done justice to the claims of the great Arab people, which they believed they had freed from 400 years of Turkish rule and helped on the road to independence via creation and/or recognition of several new Arab states on lands that had formerly been subject to the Ottoman sultan.  For example, over 77% of the territory of the Palestine Mandate originally allocated to the Jews under international treaties was illegally reallocated as a new Arab State that was Trans-Jordan, which finally became an independent Arab state in 1946. 

The international decision to restore and recreate a national home for the Jewish people, from the sea to the Jordan River, did not result in the displacement of local Arabs.  To the contrary, from 1922 until 1948, the Arab population of the national home for the Jewish people almost tripled via illegal immigration from neighboring Arab states, while the Jewish population there multiplied eight times.  The later problem of Arab refugees (about 526,000) from the national home for the Jewish people, and Jewish refugees (about 995,000 families) from Arab countries only emerged from May 1948, when local Arabs allied with several neighboring Arab states launched a war to destroy the newly recreated independent state of Israel.  Their declared intention was to exterminate the Jews living between the sea and the Jordan River, just as the Turks in 1922 had spectacularly succeeded in liquidating the aboriginal Greek communities of the Anatolian littoral and the Armenian genocide.

Who self-identified as Arab-Palestinian before 1948?

The Jewish people have kept the same name, language, faith and subjective-objective identity in each century since ancient times.  By contrast, among local Muslim Arabs, the formation of a distinct, subjective-objective "Arab-Palestinian" identity did not occur before the second half of the 20th century.  This is understandable because the fifty years from the Ottoman collapse to the 1967 Six-Day War was a short time for the birth of a new people.  Moreover, relatively few Muslim Arabs would have wanted to self-identify as Arab "Palestinian" until three preconditions had been satisfied.

First precondition was political resurrection of the ancient region "Palestine aka The Land of Israel" via the 1917 Balfour Declaration, the San Remo Treaty and the 1922 creation of the Palestine Mandate, which consisted of Trans-Jordan and the restored national home for the Jewish people, from the sea to the Jordan River.

Second precondition was the 1946 separation from the Palestine Mandate of an independent Arab state called Jordan (which consisted of over 77% of originally Jewish allocated territory).  This is significant because the new Arab-Palestinian identity was directly focused on the territory of the restored national home for the Jewish people.  This was notably that smaller (22% of the original territorial allocation to the Jewish National Home) Palestine-The Land of Israel, from the sea to the Jordan River, that existed for less than two years, i.e. from May 25, 1946 (the birth of Jordan) until May 14, 1948 (the birth of Israel).  Before 1946, that precise territorial focus was largely absent because as a border the Jordan River then had relatively little meaning for the self-identification of most of the Muslim Arabs living on either bank.  This factor was implicitly recognized by the U.K. Peel Commission in violation of international treaties, which in 1937 recommended the creation of a new Arab state to consist of both Trans-Jordan and the Arab-inhabited parts of the restored national home for the Jewish people.  And more than a decade later, this factor was again implicitly recognized by King Abdullah I, who in 1950 annexed to the Kingdom of Jordan the West Bank and East Jewish Jerusalem that his Arab Legion had conquered in the 1948-1949 war.

Third precondition was the abrupt jettisoning in May 1948 of the appellation "Palestine" the name the Romans names Israel, in favor of the original name "Israel" as the name for the newly independent Jewish state.  Before 1948, the adjective "Palestinian" had too often been used as synonym for "Jewish". And to be sure, the name "Palestine" and many other specific features of the 1922 Palestine Mandate were very closely associated with Jews and Zionism to have offered much of a focus for Muslim Arabs.  Therefore, they generally did not identify as "Arab-Palestinian" until the "Palestine" trademark had been definitely abandoned by the Jews (Israel was named Palestine by the Romans to insult the Jews).

The Arab-Palestinian people in the 1960's

Arab leaders had themselves been slow to recognize the existence of a distinct Arab-Palestinian people with a right to self-determination.  For example, as principal Arab leader at the 1918-19 Paris Peace Conference, Prince Feisal had specifically accepted the plan to restore and re-create "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine aka The Land of Israel and even signed an agreement with Chaim Weizmann in London on January 3, 1919.  Also his father, the Hashemite King of the Hedjaz (later part of Saudi Arabia) was party to the 1920 Sevres Treaty (signed and executed by all the Supreme Allied Powers) that explicitly stipulated that there would be reinstated "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.

Around three decades later, the governments of Egypt and Jordan showed how little regard they had for the self-determination of an Arab-Palestinian people.  First, they outright rejected the 1947 U.N. General Assembly resolution recommending the partition of the territory of the restored national home for the Jewish people into two new independent states, the one Jewish and the other Arab.  Second, no Arab-Palestinian state was created between 1948 and 1967 (going back at least 10 centuries, during Muslim occupation, there was no thought of creating an independent Arab State in Palestine), when Egypt held the Gaza Strip and Jordan had East Jerusalem and the West Bank aka Judea and Samaria. Although, Jordan is the Arab-Palestinian State on Jewish territory.

Israel’s liberated of its ancestral land in a defensive war in 1967. The loss of those lands by Egypt and Jordan in the Six-Day War strongly encouraged the tendency of local Arabs to see themselves as distinct from the Arabs of Egypt and Jordan (Arab-Palestinians carry Jordanian passports).  Now more clearly spearheading their own irrational struggle, local Arabs had added incentive to self-identify as "Arab-Palestinian." All the more so, since the new identification effectively expressed their stubborn determination to eventually master all the territory that in 1922 had been internationally recognized as the restored "National Home for the Jewish people".  Moreover, history knows of other instances in which new national identities have been forged in the fire of territorial dispute and ethno-religious hatred.

Peaceful rights reconciliation

This analysis neither denies the current existence of a distinct Arab-Palestinian people nor suggests that this newborn Arab-Palestinian people is today without rights, including claims to self-determination, independence, and territory like Jordan.  Rather, there are now "claims of right" on all sides.  Urgently required is a peaceful process that respects the dignity of both peoples and effects a reconciliation of the subsequent rights of the newly emerged Arab-Palestinian people with the prior rights of the ancient indigenous Jewish people.  A peaceful process is mandatory, inter alia, because the Jewish people's aboriginal indigenous rights include "the right to life".  Namely, Jews have a right to live in security and safely in their ancestral native land -- and even more so, in the part of their aboriginal indigenous homeland that was explicitly recognized as the restored "National Home for the Jewish people" in a series of declarations, resolutions, and international law and treaties from 1917 to 1923.  This significantly means that the Arab-Palestinian people who received the bulk of the territory east of the Jordan River, lack the right to wage a "war of national liberation" against the Jewish people, which is legitimately under international law and treaties, sited between the Sea and the Jordan River.  There, the Jewish people live "as of right and not on sufferance", as said by Winston Churchill in 1922.

Sketching a principled peace

One people lack a right to rule over another people.  Thus, a peaceful process for the reconciliation of rights would probably have to respect the doctrine of the self-determination of peoples.  For example, a full and final peace treaty concluded today would likely have to waive most Jewish aboriginal and treaty rights with respect to land now mostly inhabited by Arab-Palestinians wishing to live in a new Arab-Palestinian state of Jordan.  By the same doctrine, the treaty would probably have to include within Israel land now mostly inhabited by Jews.  If so, there would probably be no legal requirement to compensate a new Arab-Palestinian state for Israel's retention of its liberated territory west of the Jordan river -- i.e. the armistice demarcation lines (ADL) would be void.  First, the 1949 armistice agreements with Egypt and Jordan say that the ADL are without prejudice to a final settlement.  Second, no Arab government has ever recognized the ADL as the legitimate and permanent borders of the Jewish State.  Third, the peace treaties with Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994) explicitly indicate as Israel's international borders not the ADL, but rather to the west the old Sinai boundary with Egypt, and to the east the Jordan River as the absolute Jewish sovereignty.  Fourth, the Jewish people's aboriginal, international treaties, and self-determination rights rest on principles so fundamental that they outweigh and over-ride any arguments favoring the ADL.

A full and final peace treaty could probably also rely on the aboriginal indigenous rights to ensure that Jews retain ownership and access to all Jewish and other religious sites, sacred to Judaism for more than two millennia.

Finally, Jewish aboriginal and self-determination rights together argue for safeguards to ensure that creating a new Arab-Palestinian state east of the Jordan river cannot be a stepping stone toward the eventual destruction of Israel.  Because Jews remain a vulnerable minority in the Muslim and Arab Middle East, a full and final peace treaty would need to have a number of effective stipulations for Jewish safety and security.  Furthermore, such safety measures should embrace both military provisions and an article unequivocally recognizing the legitimacy and permanence of Israel as the Jewish State, i.e. as the political expression of the self-determination of the Jewish people in a part of its historical aboriginal indigenous homeland.

To be continued